Physical Fitness And Mental Ability
Physical fitness is not only good for your body, it also seems to help improve your mental ability.
Researchers found that adults who had the most physical fitness at the start of a six-year study maintained their mental abilities over time, and in tests of their mental function, conducted years later, did better than did their less physically fit peers.
"Physical activity appears to be good for the brain as well as the body," study author Dr. Deborah E. Barnes of the VA Medical Center in San Francisco, California, reports. "Older adults with higher levels of cardio-respiratory fitness experience a slower rate of cognitive decline over time," she added.
Cardio-respiratory fitness describes the heart's and lungs' efficiency in processing oxygen, Barnes explained. "People who are not very fit have difficulty processing oxygen when they exercise - that is why they get 'winded' or have difficulty breathing," she said.
Previous studies have shown that adults with low levels of physical fitness are likely to experience more mental decline over time than their more physically active peers. However, those studies relied on the participants own self-reports of activity.
Other studies that have detected an association between physical fitness and better mental function have been poorly designed or did not include many older individuals.
In the current study, the researchers again used cardio-respiratory fitness, determined by the adults' performance during a standard treadmill-based exercise test, because it is largely determined by habitual physical activity, and may therefore give more accurate information than adults' self-reports of physical fitness, they note.
The participants' mental ability was evaluated with a test that measured their ability to register and recall words, follow instructions and their orientation to time and place.
At the start of the study, which included 349 adults aged 55 and older, none of the participants had any symptoms of cardio-vascular disease, physical disability, or mental impairment.
Adults who had the most physical fitness at the start of the study exhibited the least amount of mental decline, Barnes and her colleagues report in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. For example, their scores on the mental state examination at follow-up were similar to their scores at the start of the study.
Their least physically fit peers, in contrast, scored lower on the mental state exam by follow-up time, and performed lower on other tests of their mental ability, such as remembering fewer words during the word recall test than their peers.
Several explanations exist for why physical fitness may be associated with better mental ability in older adults, the researchers note.
Cardio-respiratory fitness may reduce a person's risk of cardio-vascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and other conditions known to be associated with poor mental ability in older adults, they speculate. Or, cardio-respiratory fitness may be directly associated with blood flow in the brain, reductions in which have been linked to lower mental function in both Alzheimer's disease patients and normal older adults.
In a related editorial, Dr. Eleanor M. Simonsick of the National Institute on Aging and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, writes that the study "represents a shift in the right direction for studies examining physical activity, fitness and cognitive function."
She cautions, however, that the long-term association between physical fitness and mental ability does not necessarily mean that differences in physical fitness are the cause of the differences in mental function. More study is needed, Simonsick concludes.
In the meantime, Barnes advised that "older adults who are already active should keep exercising," and those who are inactive "should consider beginning an exercise program, ideally in consultation with a physician."
Grants from the National Institute on Aging and an award from the National Institute of Mental Health funded the research.
SOURCE: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51.
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